20 V Fixed Capacitors 133

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Part	Manufacturer	Capacitor Type	Mounting Feature	Capacitance	Rated DC Voltage (URdc)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Dielectric Material	Tan Delta	Minimum Operating Temperature	Terminal Finish	Leakage Current (mA)	Package Shape	Polarity	Manufacturer Series	Height	Width	Ripple Current (mA)	Diameter	Multi-layer	Equivalent Series Resistance / ESR (mohm )	Additional Features	Packing Method	Size Code	JESD-609 Code	Series	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Length	Terminal Shape	Positive Tolerance	Reference Standard	Negative Tolerance	Terminal Pitch
TAJC476K020RNJV	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR		47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)		-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier			POLARIZED		2.6 mm	3.2 mm				900		TR, 7 Inch	2412	e3		2	SMT	6 mm		10 %		10 %
TAJD336K020RNJV	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	33 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0066		POLARIZED		2.9 mm	4.3 mm	163			900	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
TAJD476K020RNJV	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0094		POLARIZED		2.9 mm	4.3 mm	163			900	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
PCV1D331MCL1GS	Nichicon	ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330 uF	20 V	105 Cel	ALUMINUM (SOLID POLYMER)	0.12	-55 Cel	Tin (Sn)	1.32	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	POLARIZED		12.7 mm	10.3 mm	2700	10 mm		26	ESR IS MEASURED AT 100 KHZ	TAPE	4141	e3		2	SMT	10.3 mm	FLAT	20 %	AEC-Q200	20 %
T495X686K020ZTE200	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	68 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	.0136	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED	B45197A4686K509			819					TR	2917	e3		2			J BEND	10 %		10 %
T350E106K020AS7301	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn60Pb40)	0.0016		POLARIZED					5.5 mm				TR		e0		2	Radial	8.9 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %	2.54 mm
APSG200ELL681MJB5S	Nippon Chemi-con	ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	680 uF	20 V	105 Cel	ALUMINUM (SOLID POLYMER)	0.12	-55 Cel		2.72	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	POLARIZED				540	10 mm		12	ESR IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ-300KHZ	BULK				2	Radial	11.5 mm	WIRE	20 %		20 %	5 mm
TAJE107M020RNJV	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.02	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		4.1 mm	4.3 mm	257			400	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %
T491B226K020ATAUTO	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR		22 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)		-55 Cel	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL			POLARIZED	T491	1.9 mm	2.8 mm				4000		TR, Plastic, 7 Inch	1411	e3	T491-AUTOMOTIVE	2	SMT	3.5 mm		10 %	AEC-Q200	10 %
T541X107M020AH6510	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (SOLID POLYMER)	0.1	-55 Cel	TIN LEAD	0.2		POLARIZED		4 mm	4.3 mm	581			50		TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e0		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %
TAJD476K020TNJV	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	0.0094		POLARIZED		2.9 mm	4.3 mm	163			900	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %	AEC-Q200	10 %
M39003/030161H	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	150 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.015		POLARIZED					8.92 mm						e0		2	Axial	19.96 mm	WIRE	10 %	MIL-PRF-39003	10 %
T495C336M020ATE200	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	33 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	.0066	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.5 mm	3.2 mm	296.8			200		TR, 7 INCH	2312	e3		2	SMT	6 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %	1.3 mm
T510X107K020ATE035	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	0.02	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		4 mm	4.3 mm	1111		No	35	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
CWR29JC156KCGCTR	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	TIN LEAD	0.003	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.79 mm	2.79 mm	270			275	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, 7 INCH	2711	e0		2	SMT	6.73 mm	J BEND	10 %	MIL-PRF-55365/11	10 %
CWR09JK226KB\TR	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - fused	0.004	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.79 mm	3.81 mm	160			900	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, 7 Inch	2915	e0		2	SMT	7.24 mm	J BEND	10 %	MIL-PRF-55365/4	10 %
T110B156K020AT	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.002	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.7 mm				BULK		e3		2	Axial	12.04 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
T322F107K020AT	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.01	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.62 mm				BULK		e3		2	Axial	18.03 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
T322E476K020AT	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.0075	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.11 mm				BULK		e3		2	Axial	13.46 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
T322E336K020AT	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	33 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	0.005	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.11 mm				BULK		e3		2	Axial	13.46 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
TAJE107K020HNJ	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.02	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		4.1 mm	4.3 mm	257			400	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e0		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
150D107X9020S2BE3	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	0.01	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					8.92 mm				Bulk		e3		2	Axial	19.96 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
150D156X9020B2BE3	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin (Sn)	0.002	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.7 mm				Bulk		e3		2	Axial	12.04 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
199D156X9020D1V1E3	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	0.0025	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					6 mm				BULK		e3		2	Radial	10.16 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %	2.54 mm
TAJE476K020HNJ	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.0094	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		4.1 mm	4.3 mm	171			900	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e0		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
173D106X9020WE3	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	TIN	0.0016	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.57 mm				AMMO PACK		e3		2	Axial	8.76 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
173D107X9020YE3	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	TIN	0.01	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.11 mm				AMMO PACK		e3		2	Axial	13.97 mm	WIRE	10 %		10 %
T520V226M020ATE045	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22 uF	20 V	105 Cel	TANTALUM (SOLID POLYMER)	0.1	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN	0.044	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		1.8 mm	4.3 mm	500			45	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %
M39003/01-2289H	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.002	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.7 mm				BULK		e0		2	Axial	12.04 mm	WIRE	10 %	MIL-PRF-39003/01	10 %
M39003/01-2295H	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.0045	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.34 mm				BULK		e0		2	Axial	17.42 mm	WIRE	10 %	MIL-PRF-39003/01	10 %
M39003/01-6094H	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.0045	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					7.34 mm				BULK		e0		2	Axial	17.42 mm	WIRE	20 %	MIL-PRF-39003/01	20 %
M39003/03-0348H	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	3.3 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.04	-55 Cel	TIN LEAD	0.001	TUBULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED					3.43 mm				Bulk		e0		2	Axial	7.26 mm	WIRE	20 %	MIL-PRF-39003/03	20 %
TAZG156K020LBLC0845	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	TIN LEAD	0.003	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.79 mm	2.79 mm	270			275	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	BULK	2711	e0		2	SMT	6.73 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
TRJC106K020R0500	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	0.0015	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.6 mm	3.2 mm	188			500	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2312	e3		2	SMT	6 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
597D337X9020H2T	Vishay Intertechnology	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.1	-55 Cel		0.066	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		5.2 mm	6.6 mm	640			100	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, Embossed Plastic, 7 Inch	3226			2	SMT	8 mm	WRAPAROUND	10 %		10 %
TAJC475M020RNJ	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0009	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.6 mm	3.2 mm	79			2800	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2312	e3		2	SMT	6 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %
TAJD156M020RNJ	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.003	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.9 mm	4.3 mm	148			1100	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	20 %		20 %
TAJR105K020HNJ	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.04	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	0.0005	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		1.2 mm	1.3 mm	21			20000	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, PLASTIC, 7 INCH	0805	e0		2	SMT	2.05 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
PCX1D181MCS1GS	Nichicon	ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR		180 uF	20 V	125 Cel	ALUMINUM (SOLID POLYMER)		-55 Cel	TIN BISMUTH			POLARIZED		10 mm	10.3 mm	2300			28		Tape	4341	e6		2	SMT	11 mm		20 %		20 %
T491A684K020ZT	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.68 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.04	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	.0001	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		1.6 mm	1.6 mm	71			12000		TR, EMBOSSED/PUNCHED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	1206	e3		2	SMT	3.2 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
T491D476K020AT7280	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0094	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		2.8 mm	4.3 mm	185			700	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 13 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
T491X157K020AT7280	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.1	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.03	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		4 mm	4.3 mm	257			400	ESR AND RIPPLE CURRENT IS MEASURED AT 100KHZ	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 13 INCH	2917	e3		2	SMT	7.3 mm	J BEND	10 %		10 %
T378C475K020AS	KEMET Corporation	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	4.7 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Tin/Lead (Sn60Pb40)	0.001	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	POLARIZED		5.715 mm	1.905 mm						BULK		e0		2	Radial	4.699 mm	WIRE	10 %	MIL-PRF-49137/6	10 %	3.81 mm
TAP105M020BRW	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	1 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.04	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0005	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.5 mm		10000		TR, 14 INCH		e3		2	Radial	7 mm	WIRE	20 %	CECC30201-032	20 %	5 mm
TAP225M020CCS	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	2.2 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.06	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	0.0005	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					4.5 mm		7000		BULK		e3		2	Radial	8.5 mm	WIRE	20 %	CECC30201-032	20 %	5 mm
TAP476K020CRW	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.0075	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					8.5 mm		1200		TR, 14 INCH		e3		2	Radial	14 mm	WIRE	10 %	CECC30201-032	10 %	5 mm
TAP476M020CRS	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	47 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.0075	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					8.5 mm		1200		AMMO PACK		e3		2	Radial	14 mm	WIRE	20 %	CECC30201-032	20 %	5 mm
TAP686K020CCS	KYOCERA AVX	TANTALUM CAPACITOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	68 uF	20 V	125 Cel	TANTALUM (DRY/SOLID)	0.08	-55 Cel	Matte Tin (Sn)	0.0108	DISK PACKAGE	POLARIZED					9 mm		900		BULK		e3		2	Radial	16 mm	WIRE	10 %	CECC30201-032	10 %	5 mm

Fixed Capacitors

Fixed capacitors are electronic components that have a fixed capacitance value that cannot be changed. They are used in electronic circuits to provide a specific capacitance value for a given application.

Fixed capacitors are made using a variety of dielectric materials, including ceramic, tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, polyester, and polypropylene. The choice of dielectric material depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as operating voltage, temperature range, and stability.

Fixed capacitors are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, such as through-hole, surface mount, and leaded types. They can also be classified based on their operating voltage, tolerance, and temperature coefficient.

Some common applications of fixed capacitors include decoupling, filtering, timing, and coupling circuits. In decoupling circuits, fixed capacitors are used to filter out unwanted high-frequency noise and ensure stable power supply operation. In timing circuits, fixed capacitors are used to set the time constant and determine the frequency of oscillation.

One of the main advantages of fixed capacitors is their stable capacitance value, which does not change over time or with changes in operating conditions. This makes them suitable for applications that require consistent and predictable performance.