COMMERCIAL D-Sub Connectors 561

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Part RoHS Manufacturer Connector Type Option Reliability Contact Gender Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (V) No. of Connectors Panel Mount Mating Contact Pitch (inch) Body Length Insulation Resistance Mixed Contacts Rated Current - Power EMI Shielded Filter Feature Body Width Termination Contact Finish Body Depth MIL Conformity Insulator Material No. of Rows Loaded Maximum Operating Temperature (Cel) DIN Conformance Board Mounting Option PCB Contact Row Spacing (mm) Contact Design IEC Conformity Minimum Operating Temperature Empty Shell Shell Finish Plating Thickness (inch) No. of Ports No. of PCB Rows Contact Material UL Flammability Code Mating Contact Finish Polarization Key Additional Features Rated Current - Signal Reference Standard Insulator Color Total No. of Contacts Contact Arrangement Minimum Wire Size Durability Mating Contact Row Spacing (inch) Mounting Type Maximum Wire Size Sub-Category Shell Material Terminal Pitch (mm) Cable Types Mating Info. PCB Contact Pattern Mains Connector Rating Termination Type Minimum Withdrawal Force (N) Manufacturer Series Contact Resistance Body or Shell Style Mounting Style Minimum Insulation Diameter Contact Style JESD-609 Code Maximum Insertion Force (N) Mounting Option-2 Terminal Length Mounting Option-1 Contact Pattern Shell Size

D25P13A4GL00LF

Amphenol Communications Solutions

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

0.109

2.07 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.531 inch

.577 inch

NO

POLYESTER

2

125

NO

SPLIT BOARD LOCK

2.54

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN/ZINC CHROMIUM

2

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

BLACK

25

0.112

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.76

STAGGERED

SOLDER

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

4.8928

THREADED INSERT

.134 inch

M3

STAGGERED

3/B

D25P82C6GV00LF

Amphenol Communications Solutions

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1400VAC

ONE

0.109

2.07 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

NOT APPLICABLE

.538 inch

NO

POLYETHYLENE

2

125

NO

PEG

2.54

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

30u

2

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

ROHS COMPLIANT

5 A

UL

25

0.112

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.76

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

STAGGERED

PRESS FIT

.3058

10 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

4.8928

SCREWLOCKS

.114 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

3/B

D25S80C6GX00LF

Amphenol Communications Solutions

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1400VAC

ONE

0.109

2.07 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

GOLD FLASH

.496 inch

NO

POLYETHYLENE

2

125

NO

PEG

2.84

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

30u

2

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ROHS COMPLIANT

5 A

UL

BLACK

25

0.112

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.76

STAGGERED

PRESS FIT

.3058

25 mohm

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

5.004

THREADED INSERT

.126 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

3/B

D25P82C6PA00LF

Amphenol Communications Solutions

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1400VAC

ONE

0.109

2.07 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

NOT APPLICABLE

.538 inch

NO

POLYETHYLENE

2

125

NO

PEG

2.54

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

30u

2

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ROHS COMPLIANT

5 A

UL

25

0.112

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.76

STAGGERED

PRESS FIT

.3058

10 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

4.8928

LOCKING

.114 inch

HOLE .122

STAGGERED

3/B

179-015-513R571

Norcomp Interconnect Devices

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1000VAC

0.109

1.535 inch

1000 ohm

.494 inch

GOLD

.772 inch

POLYAMIDE

2+2

105

3.7338

-55 Cel

NICKEL

FLASH

2+2

BRASS

AU

5 A

UL

BLACK

15+15

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.7686

STAGGERED

SOLDER

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e4

LOCKING

.125 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

179-015-313R571

Norcomp Interconnect Devices

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE/FEMALE

1000VAC

0.109

1.535 inch

1000 ohm

.494 inch

GOLD

.772 inch

POLYAMIDE

2+2

105

3.7338

-55 Cel

NICKEL

FLASH

2+2

BRASS

AU

5 A

UL

BLACK

15+15

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.7686

STAGGERED

SOLDER

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e4

LOCKING

.125 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

L77SDE09S1ACH4F

Amphenol

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1400VAC

0.108

5000000000 ohm

TIN OVER NICKEL

GLASS FILLED POLYETHYLENE

2

125

2.8448

-55 Cel

TIN

FLASH

2

PHOSPHOR BRONZE

AU

5 A

UL

9

0.112

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.7432

STAGGERED

SOLDER

.5838

15 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

8.896

SCREWLOCKS

.11 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

4STD09SCM99A10X

Conec

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1.228 inch

.509 inch

GLASS FILLED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

2

PREASSEM CONN

TIN

30u

COPPER ALLOY

AU ON NI

UL

BLACK

9

20 AWG

PANEL

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

COPPER ALLOY

SOLDER LUG

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

HOLE .112-.124

STAGGERED

1/E

15-000933

Conec

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1.551 inch

5000000000 ohm

.831 inch

TIN

.736 inch

GLASS FILLED POLYESTER

3

105

1.9812

-25 Cel

NICKEL

8u

3

COPPER ALLOY

AU ON NI

3 A

UL

BLACK

15

BOARD

D Type Connectors

2.286

STAGGERED

SOLDER

10 mohm

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

LOCKING

.13 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

1-1740198-2

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

NO

NO

NO

NO

Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

NO

GLASS FILLED PCT

2

105

NO

BOARD LOCK

PREASSEM CONN

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

30u

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

4.5 A

UL

BLACK

25

0.112

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.77

4.5A

SOLDER

RECEPTACLE

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

THREADED INSERT

#4-40 UNC

STAGGERED

3/B

1-1740199-2

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

NO

NO

NO

NO

Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

NO

GLASS FILLED PCT

2

105

NO

BOARD LOCK

PREASSEM CONN

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

30u

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

4.5 A

UL

BLACK

25

0.112

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.77

4.5A

SOLDER

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

THREADED INSERT

#4-40 UNC

STAGGERED

3/B

747516-7

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

ONE

NO

NO

YES

NO

TIN OVER NICKEL

NO

POLYETHYLENE

2

105

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

TIN

30u

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

BLACK

9

26 AWG

CABLE

22 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

1.38

DISCRETE, ROUND

5A

IDC

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

.455 inch

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

STAGGERED

1/E

749805-7

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

NO

YES

NO

Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE/POLYESTER

105

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

TIN

FLASH

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

BLACK

9

24 AWG

CABLE

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.74

115/230VAC

CRIMP

PLUG

.185 inch

RND PIN-SKT

e3

LOCKING

STAGGERED

1/E

749805-8

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

NO

YES

NO

TIN OVER NICKEL

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE/POLYESTER

105

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

TIN

FLASH

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

BLACK

15

24 AWG

CABLE

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.74

115/230VAC

CRIMP

PLUG

.185 inch

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

STAGGERED

2/A

749805-9

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

NO

YES

NO

TIN OVER NICKEL

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE/POLYESTER

105

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

TIN

FLASH

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

BLACK

25

24 AWG

CABLE

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.74

115/230VAC

CRIMP

PLUG

.185 inch

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

STAGGERED

3/B

749806-7

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

NO

YES

NO

TIN OVER NICKEL

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE/POLYESTER

105

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

TIN

FLASH

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

BLACK

9

24 AWG

CABLE

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.74

115/230VAC

CRIMP

RECEPTACLE

.185 inch

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

STAGGERED

1/E

311P409-1P-B-12

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

ONE

NO

1.228 inch

1000000000 ohm

NO

NO

NO

.509 inch

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYESTER

2

125

NO

PREASSEM CONN

NO

-55 Cel

YES

GOLD

150u

1

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

ROHS COMPLIANT

7.5 A

UL, CSA

BLUE

9

CABLE

D Type Connectors

BRASS

2.77

7.5A

CRIMP

3.1136

7.3 mohm

PLUG

RND PIN-SKT

44.48

LOCKING

HOLE .115-.125

STAGGERED

1/E

2221860-5

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

ONE

NO

NO

NO

NO

NOT APPLICABLE

NO

POLYETHYLENE

125

NO

NO

-55 Cel

YES

ZINC

1

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

BLACK

78

PANEL

D Type Connectors

CARBON STEEL

2.29

5A

CRIMP

PLUG

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

5/D

1-1740196-5

TE Connectivity

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

NO

1.543 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

NO

.492 inch

Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier

.435 inch

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE TEREPHTHALLATE

2

105

NO

3.4036

NO

-55 Cel

YES

NICKEL

39u

1

2

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

4.5 A

BLACK

15

0.112

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.74

STAGGERED

4.5A

SOLDER

PLUG

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

LOCKING

STAGGERED

2/A

179-037-613R571

Norcomp Interconnect Devices

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VAC

0.109

2.724 inch

1000 ohm

.494 inch

.772 inch

POLYAMIDE

2+2

105

3.7338

-55 Cel

NICKEL

FLASH

2+2

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

BLACK

37+37

BOARD

D Type Connectors

STEEL

2.7686

STAGGERED

SOLDER

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

.125 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

4/C

3017W2SCT56N40X

Conec

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

ONE

2.103 inch

YES

NO

.509 inch

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE/POLYESTER

125

NO

NO

-55 Cel

NO

TIN

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

17

500 Cycles

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SOLDER

SOCKET

HYBRID

LOCKING

3/B

3007W2SCT56N40X

Conec

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

ONE

1.556 inch

YES

NO

.509 inch

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE/POLYESTER

NO

NO

NO

TIN

30u

COPPER ALLOY

94V-0

AU ON NI

UL

GREEN

7

S5P2

BOARD AND PANEL

D Type Connectors

STEEL

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

SOLDER

SOCKET

RIGHT ANGLE

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

HOLE .112-.124

2/A

DCM-8W8P-N

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VDC

2.714 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

TIN LEAD

.224 inch

NO

POLYETHYLENE

1

125

NO

NO

-55 Cel

NO

CADMIUM

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

8

S0P8

CABLE

D Type Connectors

STEEL

SOLDER

PLUG

STRAIGHT

RND PIN-SKT

e0

LOCKING

RECTANGULAR

4/C

DBM-5W5P-N

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VDC

2.073 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

NO

POLYETHYLENE

125

NO

NO

-55 Cel

NO

CADMIUM

NOT SPECIFIED

94V-0

NOT SPECIFIED

UL

5

S0P5

D Type Connectors

STEEL

PLUG

STRAIGHT

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

3/B

163A16689X

Conec

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VDC

2.65 inch

.509 inch

GOLD OVER NICKEL

.281 inch

GLASS FILLED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

4

125

PREASSEM CONN

-55 Cel

TIN

COPPER ALLOY

AU ON NI

3 A

UL

BLACK

78

22 AWG

PANEL

22 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

SOLDER LUG

10 mohm

PLUG

RND PIN-SKT

e4

THREADED

.195 inch

#4-40

STAGGERED

5/D

A-DS09LL-WP

Assmann Wsw Components

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

WATERPROOF

COMMERCIAL

MALE

500VAC

ONE

1.551 inch

500000000 ohm

NO

NO

.827 inch

.183 inch

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE

2

85

PREASSEM CONN

-20 Cel

NO

1u

COPPER ALLOY

94V-0

AU

2 A

UL

BLACK

9

26 AWG

500 Cycles

CABLE AND PANEL

22 AWG

D Type Connectors

SOLDER LUG

20 mohm

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

.112 inch

#4-40UNC

STAGGERED

1/E

MK-242-015-235-2200

Airborn

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

0.05

.925 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.298 inch

Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)

.28 inch

NO

POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE

2

125

NO

1.905

NO

-55 Cel

NO

NICKEL

50u

4

NOT SPECIFIED

GOLD (50)

3 A

15

BOARD

D Type Connectors

METAL

1.905

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

STAGGERED

SOLDER

26 mohm

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

RND PIN-SKT

e0

2.78

LOCKNUT

.14 inch

LOCKING

STAGGERED

2/A

DBM-25P-K87

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VAC

0.108

2.087 inch

NO

NO

.494 inch

GOLD

.39 inch

POLYESTER

2

105

PREASSEM CONN

-55 Cel

TIN

BRASS

AU ON NI

5 A

UL

25

20 AWG

0.112

PANEL

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

SOLDER

15 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RND PIN-SKT

e4

HOLE .112-.124

STAGGERED

3/B

MDM-15SSB-A174

ITT Cannon

D MICROMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

600VAC

ONE

0.05

.935 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.308 inch

.23 inch

NO

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

2

125

NO

PREASSEM CONN

NO

-55 Cel

NO

NICKEL

COPPER ALLOY

AU

3 A

15

26 AWG

0.043

CABLE AND PANEL

26 AWG

D Type Connectors

ALUMINUM ALLOY

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

STAGGERED

SOLDER

10 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RND PIN-SKT

LOCKING

HOLE .091

STAGGERED

B

MDM-9PSK-A174

ITT Cannon

D MICROMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

600VAC

ONE

0.05

.785 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.308 inch

.23 inch

NO

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER

2

125

NO

PREASSEM CONN

NO

-55 Cel

NO

NICKEL

COPPER ALLOY

AU

3 A

9

26 AWG

0.043

CABLE AND PANEL

26 AWG

D Type Connectors

ALUMINUM ALLOY

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

STAGGERED

SOLDER

10 mohm

PLUG

RND PIN-SKT

JACKSCREW

LOCKING

STAGGERED

A

2DB52PF173

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

GENERAL PURPOSE

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VAC

ONE

0.075

2.088 inch

5000000000 ohm

NO

NO

.494 inch

GOLD

.324 inch

NO

GLASS FILLED POLYAMIDE

3

85

NO

PREASSEM CONN

NO

NO

CADMIUM/YELLOW CHROMATE

COPPER ALLOY

AU

POLARIZED, LOW PROFILE

5 A

52

26 AWG

0.065

CABLE AND PANEL

22 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

MULTIPLE MATING PARTS AVAILABLE

CRIMP

3.336

9 mohm

RECEPTACLE

STRAIGHT

RND PIN-SKT

e4

3.336

JACKSCREW

#4-40

STAGGERED

3/B

DDM-50P-K87

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

COMMERCIAL

MALE

1000VAC

0.108

2.634 inch

NO

NO

.605 inch

GOLD

.39 inch

POLYESTER

2

105

PREASSEM CONN

-55 Cel

TIN

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

50

20 AWG

0.112

PANEL

20 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

SOLDER

15 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RND PIN-SKT

e4

HOLE .112-.124

STAGGERED

5/D

DEMA-9S-A197

ITT Cannon

D SUBMINIATURE CONNECTOR

COMMERCIAL

FEMALE

1000VAC

1.213 inch

NO

NO

.494 inch

TIN OVER NICKEL

.156 inch

POLYETHYLENE

2

125

PREASSEM CONN

-55 Cel

NOT SPECIFIED

NOT SPECIFIED

5 A

UL

9

30 AWG

CABLE

18 AWG

D Type Connectors

STEEL

CRIMP

10 mohm

RECEPTACLE

RND PIN-SKT

e3

LOCKING

STAGGERED

1/E

D-Sub Connectors

D-Sub connectors, also known as D-subminiature connectors, are a type of electrical connector that are commonly used in computer and telecommunications equipment. They are named for their distinctive D-shaped metal shell, which provides mechanical support and helps to shield the connectors from electromagnetic interference.

D-Sub connectors are available in a range of sizes, with the most common sizes being 9-pin, 15-pin, and 25-pin. They feature a combination of male and female connectors, with the male connector featuring pins that plug into the female connector, which has sockets to receive the pins.

D-Sub connectors are designed to be reliable and durable, with a locking mechanism that ensures a secure connection. They are also capable of supporting a wide range of signal types, including analog and digital signals, making them versatile connectors for a variety of applications.

One common use of D-Sub connectors is in computer and telecommunications equipment, where they are used for connections such as serial ports, parallel ports, and VGA connectors. They are also used in industrial and military applications, where their robust design and ability to withstand harsh environments make them a popular choice.

D-Sub connectors are available in a variety of styles, including standard, high-density, and mixed-layout connectors. They may also include features such as grounding, filtering, or EMI shielding, depending on the specific application requirements.