155 Cel Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Manufacturer Series	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
MMB02070C1604FB200	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1600000 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Cylindrical	TR, BLISTER, 7 INCH	2309	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL				350 V	ANTI-SULFUR; LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 350; STANDARD: CECC40401-803	5.8 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
RN731ETTP4702B25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3				.5 mm
P1206H1005BGT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000000 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	GOLD OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.06 mm	e4				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-101K87L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1870 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-10309KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	309000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206FR-106K04L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	6040 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
RC1206JR-0718KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	18000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	3.1 mm	e3				1.6 mm
MCR10EZPJ000	ROHM	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel			70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel		TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm			RATED CURRENT: 2A	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
9C08052A1004FKHFT	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	RC0805	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3	9C0805(1%,100PPM)			1.25 mm
9C08052A1005FKHFT	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	RC0805	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3	9C0805(1%,100PPM)			1.25 mm
9C08052A1502FKHFT	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
9C08052A2001FKHFT	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	RC0805	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3	9C0805(1%,100PPM)			1.25 mm
9C08052A3010FKHFT	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	301 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm	RC0805	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3	9C0805(1%,100PPM)			1.25 mm
RCMA0210001BEA20	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.1 %	.6 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR	-65 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn)	25 mm			300 V	PRECISION	6.7 mm	e3		2.5 mm	CECC4101-803
WK73S2HTTE5R60F	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5.6 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED PLASTIC, 7 INCH	1020	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		2.3664 V	IEC60115-8	2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
RCL0612332RFKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	332 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0612	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V		1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	3.2 mm
RCL06124R99FKEA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.99 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0612	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm		200 V		1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	3.2 mm
MLF14BTT10K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, Embossed Plastic, 7 Inch	1406	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL				200 V	ANTI-SULFUR; PRECISION	3.5 mm	e3		1.4 mm
MLF12FTC22R0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, Embossed Plastic, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL				300 V	ANTI-SULFUR; PRECISION	5.9 mm	e3		2.2 mm
MLF12FTC1K60	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1600 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, Embossed Plastic, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL				300 V	ANTI-SULFUR; PRECISION	5.9 mm	e3		2.2 mm
MMP100FRE1K62	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1620 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	50					350 V		5.9 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
MMP100FRE1K65	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1650 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	50					350 V		5.9 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
MMP100FRE1K69	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1690 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	50					350 V		5.9 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
MMP100FRE1K6	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1600 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	50					350 V		5.9 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
MMP100FRE243R	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	243 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	CYLINDRICAL PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR, 7 Inch	2309	2	MELF	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	50					350 V		5.9 mm			2.2 mm	AEC-Q200
RT0805FRE07294KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	294000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
RT0805FRE07634KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	634000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
RT0603BRE071K27L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1270 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE0722K1L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE0722K6L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22600 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE07261KL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	261000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE073K4L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3400 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE07453RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	453 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0603BRE079K1L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	9100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RT0805BRE07360RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	360 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3				1.25 mm
MRS25000C5499FC100	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	54.9 ohm	.6 W	155 Cel	1 %	.6 mm	70 Cel	THIN FILM		Tubular	AMMO PACK		2	Axial	WIRE		-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL	28 mm			350 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 350V	6.5 mm	e3		2.5 mm
HVR2500004423FR500	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	442000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.58 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Cylindrical	TR		2	Axial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	200	Tin (Sn)	22.5 mm			1600 V	FLAME PROOF, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 1150	7.5 mm	e3		2.5 mm
HVR3700001505JR500	Vishay Bc Components	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	15000000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		TR		2		WIRE	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn)			HVR37	3500 V			e3
HVR3700002205JR500	Vishay Bc Components	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	22000000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		TR		2		WIRE	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn)			HVR37	3500 V			e3
WR06X1102FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	11000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X2R0JTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	-200,400	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X3242FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	32400 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X4300FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	430 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X432JTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4300 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X5103FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	510000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X6200FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	620 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X6982FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	69800 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
WR06X8062FTL	Walsin Technology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	80600 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE; RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.