155 Cel Fixed Resistors 2,400+

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	No. of Functions	Technology	Shape (Package)	No. of Elements	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	Network Type	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	First Element Resistance	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Manufacturer Series	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
RC0603JR-102RL	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM			Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 10 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
RN73H2ETTD1052C50	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10500 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.25 %		85 Cel		THIN FILM			Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1210		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.6 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
RN73H2ETTD1602A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	16000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %		85 Cel		THIN FILM			Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1210		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.6 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
PT0805JR-070R25L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.25 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.55 mm	PT		LASER TRIMMABLE	2 mm	e3	PT			1.25 mm
CHP1206K50R0FBT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	50 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE			TR	1206		2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier				200 V			e0
CHP2208K47R0FNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE			TR	2208		2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL				200 V			e2
CHP2512K1003DNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	2 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM			Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	2512		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		250 V		6.3 mm	e2				3.3 mm
CRCW0603720RFKTA	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	720 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE			TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603		2		WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier			CRCW	75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 75		e0			AEC-Q200
PWR263S-20-50R0J	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	50 ohm	20 W	155 Cel	5 %		25 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TUBE	4140		2	SMT	GULL WING			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN		4.5 mm		250 V		10.4 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	10.1 mm
PWR263S-20-5R00F	Bourns	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5 ohm	20 W	155 Cel	1 %		25 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TUBE	4140		2	SMT	GULL WING			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN		4.5 mm		250 V		10.4 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	10.1 mm
CRCW0603100RFKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW060310K0FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW06031R00FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW060347R0FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW06034K70FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0603		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 75V	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.85 mm
CRCW08050000Z0ECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel			70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM			Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm			RATED CURRENT: 6A	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW0805100RFKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW080510K0FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW08051K00FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW08054R70FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	0805		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 150V	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
CRCW12060000Z0ECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel			70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM			Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel		Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm			RATED CURRENT: 10A	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120610K0FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 200V	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
CRCW120633R0FKECHP	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	33 ohm	.75 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel		METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 13 INCH	1206		2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		200 V	RATED AC VOLTAGE: 200V	3.1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
ASR1JB220R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	220 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	5 %	.8 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM			Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	-1800,0	Tin/Copper (Sn/Cu)	35 mm			4000 V	FLAME PROOF	15 mm	e2		5 mm	IEC60115-1, IEC60065, UL
ERJB1AJ100U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	2 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	3	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1020	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		10 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
ERJB1AJ102U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	3	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1020	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1000 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
ERJB1AJ562U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5600 ohm	1 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	3	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1020	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		5600 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
ERJB1CFR12U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.12 ohm	2 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	3	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1020	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		.12 ohm	-55 Cel	100	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
ERJB1CJR033U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.033 ohm	2 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	3	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1020	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		.033 ohm	-55 Cel	0,200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		2.5 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	5 mm
ERJA1BJ4R7U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4.7 ohm	1.33 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	5	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1225	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		4.7 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	6.4 mm
ERJA1BJR33U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.33 ohm	1.33 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	5	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1225	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		.33 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	6.4 mm
ERJA1BJR68U	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.68 ohm	1.33 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	1	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	5	Rectangular	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	1225	ISOLATED	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		.68 ohm	-55 Cel	200	TIN		.55 mm		200 V		3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	6.4 mm
RNF12FBD243K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	243000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	.65 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			350 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	8.75 mm	e3		2.75 mm
RNF12FBD243R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	243 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	.65 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			350 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	8.75 mm	e3		2.75 mm
RNF12FBD634K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	634000 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	.65 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn)	28 mm			350 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	8.75 mm	e3		2.75 mm
RNF14BAD10K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	AMMO PACK			2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN				250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14BBD10K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD137K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	137000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD243K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	243000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD243R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	243 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD634K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	634000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD681K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	681000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF14FBD681R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	681 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	.56 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			250 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	6.35 mm	e3		2.35 mm
RNF18FAD10K0	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	.45 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	AMMO PACK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN				200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	3.3 mm	e3		1.8 mm
RNF18FBD137K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	137000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	.45 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	3.3 mm	e3		1.8 mm
RNF18FBD137R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	137 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	.45 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	3.3 mm	e3		1.8 mm
RNF18FBD237K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	237000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	.45 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	3.3 mm	e3		1.8 mm
RNF18FBD237R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	237 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	.45 mm	70 Cel		METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE		Tubular	BULK			2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN	28 mm			200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION	3.3 mm	e3		1.8 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.