.063 W Fixed Resistors 370

Reset All

Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Dimensions	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Manufacturer Series	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
RN73H1ETTP1052C50	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10500 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.25 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RN73H1ETTP6902B50	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	69000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RN73H1ETTP6902C25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	69000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.25 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RN73H1ETTP6902C50	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	69000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.25 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RN73H1ETTP6902D50	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	69000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.5 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RN73H1ETTP8982C25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	89800 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.25 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
P0402H2103BNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	210000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm					.6 mm
ERA2AEB1872X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	18700 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
ERA2AEB2612X	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	26100 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	IEC60115-8	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RMCS0402FT1M00	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
RMCS0402FT1R00	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	200	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
RMCS0402FT240R	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	240 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
RMCS0402FT604K	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	604000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
RMCS0402JT2K00	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.35 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR	1 mm	e3				.5 mm
RGC1/16SC1243DTH	Kamaya Electric	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	124000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.5 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN		.35 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
RGC0402FTD1M00	Stackpole Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	100	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.3 mm		50 V	SEMI-PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
P0402E2001BBT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	25	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm	e0				.6 mm
P0402Y2002PNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	.02 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	10	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		50 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1 mm					.6 mm
RCMT0121502DES03	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	215000 ohm	.063 W	175 Cel	.5 %	.4 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	BULK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-65 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn)	25 mm			200 V	PRECISION	4.32 mm	e3		2.03 mm	CECC40101-044
RCMT0121502DHS03	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	215000 ohm	.063 W	175 Cel	.5 %	.4 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	BULK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-65 Cel	50	Matte Tin (Sn)	25 mm			200 V	PRECISION	4.32 mm	e3		2.03 mm	CECC40101-044
RCMT0123701DES03	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	23700 ohm	.063 W	175 Cel	.5 %	.4 mm	70 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	BULK		2	Axial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR		-65 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn)	25 mm			200 V	PRECISION	4.32 mm	e3		2.03 mm	CECC40101-044
RGC1/16SC4992FTH	Kamaya Electric	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	49900 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	50	TIN		.35 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.5 mm
CPF0603F20K5C1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20500 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	50			.45 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm					.8 mm
CPF0603F20RC1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	50			.45 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm					.8 mm
CPF0603F3R32C1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3.32 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	50			.45 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm					.8 mm
CPF0603F51K1C1	TE Connectivity	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	51100 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		1.55mm x .8mm x .45mm	-55 Cel	50			.45 mm		50 V	PRECISION	1.55 mm					.8 mm
HR01121J	KYOCERA AVX	FIXED RESISTOR		120 ohm	.063 W	70 Cel	5 %	.2 mm			RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Retangular		0804	2	Axial		Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	250			.91 mm	HR01(5%TOL)	50 V		1.91 mm		HR01 (5% TOL)			.91 mm
9C04021A2001JLHF3	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR		2000 ohm	.063 W	125 Cel	5 %			METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		Chip	Tape, Paper	0402	2	SMT		Fixed Resistors		-55 Cel	200	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm	9C04021A(5%,LTCR)	50 V		1 mm	e3	9C04021A(5%,LTCR)			.5 mm
MCR01MRTFL1R00	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND			-55 Cel	400	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		.76 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1000	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1002	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1003	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1004	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1201	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1200 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1501	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1500 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1503	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1600	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	160 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1603	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	160000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1801	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1800 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF1802	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	18000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2002	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2003	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	200000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2200	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2201	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF2213	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	221000 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm
MCR01MRTF22R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22 ohm	.063 W	155 Cel	1 %		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0402	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR		-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.35 mm		50 V		1 mm	e3			TS 16949	.5 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.