.1 W Fixed Resistors 1,099

Reset All

Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Width (Package)
RC1608J152CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1500 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J153CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J161CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	160 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J162CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1600 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J181CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	180 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J1R0CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	300	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J220CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J221CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J222CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J223CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	22000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J2R2CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2.2 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	300	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J301CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	300 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J303CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	30000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J330CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	33 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J331CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J391CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	390 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J3R3CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3.3 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	300	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J431CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	430 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J432CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4300 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J470CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J471CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J472CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J473CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J560CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	56 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J562CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5600 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J680CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	68 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
RC1608J682CS	Samsung Electro-mechanics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	6800 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1000	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1002	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1003	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1004	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1072	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10700 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX10R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1100	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	110 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1101	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1100 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1102	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	11000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1103	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	110000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1211	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1210 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1302	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	13000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1433	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	143000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1472	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	14700 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1473	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	147000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1500	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1501	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1500 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1502	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX1542	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15400 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm
MCR03EZPFX15R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	15 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	50 V	1.6 mm	e3	.8 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.