.05 % Fixed Resistors 122

Reset All

Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Diameter (Lead)	Spacing (Lead)	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Length (Lead)	Height (Package)	Manufacturer Series	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Series	Diameter (Package)	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
P1206C2461WBW	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2460 ohm	.33 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	WAFFLE PACK	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	TIN LEAD SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.06 mm					1.6 mm
RN73H1JTTD9201A05	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	9200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73H1JTTD9201A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	9200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73H2ATTD4702A05	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RN73H2BTTD1602A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	16000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.6 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
RG2012P-4642-W-T1	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR		46400 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %				METAL FILM		Chip	TR	0805	2	SMT		Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.4 mm		100 V		2 mm	e3	RG2012(NP TC,WC TOL)			1.25 mm
Y479310R0000A0L	Vishay Precision Group	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10 ohm	.3 W	175 Cel	.05 %		3.81 mm	125 Cel	METAL FOIL	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	BULK		2	Radial	WIRE	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	2	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	25.4 mm	8.28 mm		300 V	HIGH PRECISION, NON INDUCTIVE	7.62 mm	e0				2.5 mm
RN73H2ATTD1291A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1290 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RN73H2ATTD1602A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	16000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RN73H2ATTD4931A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4930 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ERA3ARW473V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	47000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	IEC60115-8	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73H2ETTD1602A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	16000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	1210	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.6 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
PLTT0805Z2500AGT5	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	250 ohm	.25 W	230 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2		WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	Gold (Au) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier				100 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION		e4
RG2012P-203-W-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.4 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RG2012P-4642-W-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	46400 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.4 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RG2012V-221-W-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.4 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
RT0603WRB071K2L	Yageo	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1200 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	HIGH PRECISION, LASER TRIMMABLE	1.6 mm	e3				.8 mm
Y162450R0000A9R	Vishay Precision Group	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	50 ohm	.2 W	150 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	METAL FOIL	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2		WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	.2				VSMP	40 V	ULTRA HIGH PRECISION, NON-INDUCTIVE
ERA8ARW1402V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	14000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		150 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
ERA8ARW1621V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1620 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		150 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
ERA8ARW2942V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	29400 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		150 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
ERA8ARW563V	Panasonic	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	56000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	TIN OVER NICKEL		.6 mm		150 V	IEC60115-8	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
TNPU12061K00AZEA00	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	5	TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200, ULTRA PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
TNPU120651K0AZEA00	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	51000 ohm	.25 W	125 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, Paper, 7 Inch	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	5	TIN OVER NICKEL		.55 mm		200 V	ANTI-SULFUR, LASER TRIMMABLE, RATED AC VOLTAGE (V): 200, ULTRA PRECISION	3.2 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	1.6 mm
Y162450R0000A0R	Vishay Precision Group	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	50 ohm	.2 W	150 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	METAL FOIL	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	0805	2		WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	.2	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)			VSMP	40 V	ULTRA HIGH PRECISION, NON-INDUCTIVE		e0
RG1608N-124-W-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	120000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	MATTE TIN		.4 mm		100 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RG1608N-393-W-T5	Susumu	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	39000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	MATTE TIN		.4 mm		100 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
PTF65100R00AXEB	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	100 ohm	.25 W	150 Cel	.05 %	.64 mm		85 Cel	METAL FILM	TUBULAR PACKAGE	Tubular	TR		2	Axial	WIRE	Fixed Resistors	-55 Cel	15	Matte Tin (Sn)	38.1 mm			500 V		9.53 mm	e3		3.68 mm
P0805Z3012WNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	30100 ohm	.2 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.91 mm					1.27 mm
P0805Z3122WNT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	31200 ohm	.2 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	TIN SILVER OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		150 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.91 mm	e2				1.27 mm
P0603Y4000WBT	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	400 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PLASTIC	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	Tin/Lead/Silver - with Nickel barrier		.5 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.52 mm					.85 mm
P0603Y5682WGW	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	56800 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	WAFFLE PACK	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	GOLD OVER NICKEL		.5 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.52 mm	e4				.85 mm
RN73H1JTTD1602A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	16000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
Y000710R0000A16L	Vishay Precision Group	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	10 ohm	.3 W	175 Cel	.05 %		3.81 mm	125 Cel	METAL FOIL		Rectangular	Bulk		2	Radial	WIRE		-55 Cel	2		25.4 mm	8.28 mm		300 V	NON-INDUCTIVE	7.62 mm					2.67 mm
Y1630500R000A9R	Vishay Precision Group	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	500 ohm	.25 W	150 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	METAL FOIL		Rectangular	TR	1206	2	SMT	ONE SURFACE		-55 Cel	0.2			.64 mm		79 V	ANTI-SULFUR, HIGH PRECISION	3.2 mm					1.57 mm
PTF65500K00AYBF	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	THROUGH HOLE MOUNT	500000 ohm	.25 W	150 Cel	.05 %	.64 mm		85 Cel	METAL FILM		Tubular	BULK		2	Axial	WIRE		-55 Cel	10	Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb)	38.1 mm			500 V	HIGH PRECISION	9.53 mm	e0		3.68 mm
PLT1206Z2502AST5	Vishay Intertechnology	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	25000 ohm	.4 W	150 Cel	.05 %			70 Cel	THIN FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE		TR	1206	2		WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	TIN SILVER COPPER				200 V	FLAME PROOF, PRECISION		e1
RN73R1JTTD4701A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD49R3A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	49.3 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5111A10	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5110 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	10	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5111A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5110 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD4421A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4420 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD4591A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4590 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5171A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5170 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD4641A05	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4640 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5361A25	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5360 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	25	MATTE TIN OVER NICKEL		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5421A05	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5420 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm
RN73R1JTTD5231A05	Koa Speer Electronics	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	5230 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	.05 %			85 Cel	THIN FILM		Rectangular	TR, PUNCHED PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	5	Matte Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier		.45 mm		75 V	ANTI-SULFUR, PRECISION	1.6 mm	e3			AEC-Q200	.8 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.