ROHM Fixed Resistors 660

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Part	Manufacturer	Resistor Type	Mounting Type	Resistance	Rated Power Dissipation (P)	Maximum Operating Temperature	Tolerance	Rated Temperature	Technology	Shape (Package)	Construction	Packing Method	Size Code	No. of Terminals	Package Style (Meter)	Terminal Shape	Sub-Category	Minimum Operating Temperature	Temperature Coef (ppm/Cel)	Terminal Finish	Height (Package)	Operating Voltage	Additional Features	Length (Package)	JESD-609 Code	Reference Standard	Width (Package)
MCR10ERTF1201	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1200 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF1203	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	120000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF1501	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1500 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF1651	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1650 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF1802	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	18000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF1962	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	19600 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF3900	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	390 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF4703	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	470000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF5600	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	560 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF5620	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	562 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF6202	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	62000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF75R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	75 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTF80R6	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	80.6 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTJ000	ROHM	JUMPER	SURFACE MOUNT	0 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel		70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel		Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm		RATED CURRENT: 2A	2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR10ERTJ393	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	39000 ohm	.125 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	200	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.5 mm	150 V		2 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.25 mm
MCR18ERTF1000	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF1500	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	150 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF2004	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF2204	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF3000	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	300 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF3001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	3000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTF3300	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
MCR18ERTJ821	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	820 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	200	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	200 V		3.05 mm	e3	TS 16949	1.55 mm
KTR03EZPF13R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	13 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	350 V		1.6 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	.8 mm
KTR03EZPJ334	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	330000 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	200	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	350 V		1.6 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	.8 mm
KTR03EZPJ432	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4300 ohm	.1 W	155 Cel	5 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0603	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	200	TIN OVER NICKEL	.45 mm	350 V		1.6 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	.8 mm
MCR100JZHFSR047	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.047 ohm	1 W	125 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	2512	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	800	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	.2168 V		6.3 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	3.2 mm
MCR50JZHFSR056	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.056 ohm	.5 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	TR, EMBOSSED, 7 INCH	2010	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	800	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	.1673 V		5 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	2.5 mm
MCR10EZHFLR100	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	.1 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM		RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	600	Tin (Sn) - with Nickel (Ni) barrier	.55 mm	.1581 V		2 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ESR10EZPF1304	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1300000 ohm	.4 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, STANDARD: TS 16949	2 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
ESR10EZPF7502	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	75000 ohm	.4 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Chip	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	0805	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND	FIXED RESISTOR	-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	150 V	LASER TRIMMABLE, STANDARD: TS 16949	2 mm	e3	AEC-Q200	1.25 mm
MCR18EZPF1000	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1002	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1003	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	100000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1004	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1000000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF10R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	10 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1101	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	1100 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF1202	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	12000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2001	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2002	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF20R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	20 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2200	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	220 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2201	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2204	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2200000 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF2701	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	2700 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF33R0	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	33 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm
MCR18EZPF4701	ROHM	FIXED RESISTOR	SURFACE MOUNT	4700 ohm	.25 W	155 Cel	1 %	70 Cel	METAL GLAZE/THICK FILM	RECTANGULAR PACKAGE	Rectangular	TR, PAPER, 7 INCH	1206	2	SMT	WRAPAROUND		-55 Cel	100	TIN OVER NICKEL	.55 mm	200 V		3.2 mm	e3		1.6 mm

Fixed Resistors

Fixed resistors are passive electronic components that are used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit. They have a fixed value of resistance, meaning their resistance cannot be adjusted once they are manufactured. They are commonly used to set the bias of transistors, control the gain of amplifiers, or limit the current flowing through an LED. Fixed resistors come in various sizes, power ratings, and tolerances.

There are two types of fixed resistors: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole resistors have leads that are inserted into holes on the printed circuit board (PCB), while surface mount resistors have terminals that are soldered directly to the surface of the PCB. Through-hole resistors are larger and easier to work with, but surface mount resistors are smaller and more suitable for miniaturized electronic devices.

Fixed resistors can be made from a variety of materials, including carbon, metal, and wire-wound. Carbon resistors are inexpensive and widely used, but they have a lower tolerance and are more susceptible to noise than other types. Metal film resistors have a higher tolerance and better stability, making them ideal for use in precision circuits. Wire-wound resistors have a higher power rating and are used in high power applications, such as power supplies and amplifiers.